- Mitragyna speciosa is a tree found in Southeast Asia. It acts on the central nervous system, affects brain function, is known to have pain-relieving, mood-enhancing, and cough-reducing effects, and has been used as an opium substitute.
- It is also called kratom and has been identified as an herb of recreational drug abuse. People who use it over the long term may develop an addiction and symptoms of withdrawal when they stop using it. Many countries and states have passed laws to make Mitragyna speciosa illegal, but people may still easily obtain it over the Internet. Unintentional death has occurred following use of krypton, a combination product containing Mitragyna speciosa and O-desmethyltramadol.
- There is not enough evidence to support the medical use of Mitragyna speciosa.
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ingredients
Mitragynaspeciosa
Contents
- Adkins, JE, Boyer, EW, and McCurdy, CR. Mitragyna speciosa, a psychoactive tree from Southeast Asia with opioid activity. Curr.Top.Med.Chem. 2011;11(9):1165-1175. View Abstract
- Arndt, T, Claussen, U, Gussregen, B, et al. Kratom alkaloids and O-desmethyltramadol in urine of a "Krypton" herbal mixture consumer. Forensic Sci.Int. 5-20-2011;208(1-3):47-52. View Abstract
- Holler, JM, Vorce, SP, McDonough-Bender, PC, et al. A drug toxicity death involving propylhexedrine and mitragynine. J.Anal.Toxicol. 2011;35(1):54-59. View Abstract
- Kapp, FG, Maurer, HH, Auwarter, V, et al. Intrahepatic cholestasis following abuse of powdered kratom (Mitragyna speciosa). J.Med.Toxicol. 2011;7(3):227-231. View Abstract
- Kong, WM, Chik, Z, Ramachandra, M, et al. Evaluation of the effects of Mitragyna speciosa alkaloid extract on cytochrome P450 enzymes using a high throughput assay. Molecules. 2011;16(9):7344-7356. View Abstract
- Kronstrand, R, Roman, M, Thelander, G, et al. Unintentional fatal intoxications with mitragynine and O-desmethyltramadol from the herbal blend Krypton. J.Anal.Toxicol. 2011;35(4):242-247. View Abstract
- McWhirter, L and Morris, S. A case report of inpatient detoxification after kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) dependence. Eur.Addict.Res. 2010;16(4):229-231. View Abstract
- Philipp, AA, Meyer, MR, Wissenbach, DK, et al. Monitoring of kratom or Krypton intake in urine using GC-MS in clinical and forensic toxicology. Anal.Bioanal.Chem. 2011;400(1):127-135. View Abstract
- Philipp, AA, Wissenbach, DK, Weber, AA, et al. Metabolism studies of the Kratom alkaloids mitraciliatine and isopaynantheine, diastereomers of the main alkaloids mitragynine and paynantheine, in rat and human urine using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap-mass spectrometry. J.Chromatogr.B Analyt.Technol.Biomed.Life Sci. 5-1-2011;879(15-16):1049-1055. View Abstract
- Philipp, AA, Wissenbach, DK, Weber, AA, et al. Metabolism studies of the Kratom alkaloid speciociliatine, a diastereomer of the main alkaloid mitragynine, in rat and human urine using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal.Bioanal.Chem. 2011;399(8):2747-2753. View Abstract
- Rosenbaum, CD, Carreiro, SP, and Babu, KM. Here today, gone tomorrow...and back again? A review of herbal marijuana alternatives (K2, Spice), synthetic cathinones (bath salts), kratom, Salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines. J.Med.Toxicol. 2012;8(1):15-32. View Abstract
- Schmidt, MM, Sharma, A, Schifano, F, et al. "Legal highs" on the net-Evaluation of UK-based Websites, products and product information. Forensic Sci.Int. 3-20-2011;206(1-3):92-97. View Abstract
- Sheleg, SV and Collins, GB. A coincidence of addiction to "Kratom" and severe primary hypothyroidism. J.Addict.Med. 2011;5(4):300-301. View Abstract
- Vicknasingam, B, Narayanan, S, Beng, GT, et al. The informal use of ketum (Mitragyna speciosa) for opioid withdrawal in the northern states of peninsular Malaysia and implications for drug substitution therapy. Int.J.Drug Policy 2010;21(4):283-288. View Abstract
- Ward, J, Rosenbaum, C, Hernon, C, et al. Herbal medicines for the management of opioid addiction: safe and effective alternatives to conventional pharmacotherapy? CNS.Drugs 12-1-2011;25(12):999-1007. View Abstract
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